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Magic: the Gathering – Maelstrom Pulse – Alara Reborn – Foil $15.99 Magic: the Gathering is a collectible card game created by Richard Garfield. In Magic, you play the role of a planeswalker who fights other planeswalkers for glory, knowledge, and conquest. Your deck of cards represents all the weapons in your arsenal. It contains the spells you know and the creatures you can summon to fight for you. Card Name: Maelstrom Pulse Cost: 1BG Color: Multi-Color Card Typ… |
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Tidal power
Generation of tidal energy
Main article: Tide and tidal acceleration
Tidal energy is only form of energy that is derived directly from the relative motions Earthoon system and to a lesser extent Earthun system. The tidal forces produced by the moon and sun in combination with the rotation of the Earth, are responsible for the generation of the tides. Other sources of energy originate directly or indirectly from the sun, including fossil fuels, conventional hydroelectric wind, biofuels, wave power and solar. Nuclear radioactive material was based on the Earth, Geothermal energy uses the Earth's internal heat, which comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion (about 20%) and heat produced by radioactive decay (80%).
The variation of the tides more than a day
Tidal energy is generated by the relative motion of water interacting through gravity forces. Periodic changes of water levels and tidal currents are due to the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon. The magnitude of the tide in one place is the result of changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to Earth, the effects of the rotation of the Earth, and how to fund local the marine.
Due to tides on Earth are caused by the tidal forces due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and the Sun and the Earth's rotation, tidal energy is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.
A current generator uses this phenomenon to generate electricity. The stronger the tide, either in water level height or tidal current velocities, the greater the potential for generating electricity from the tides.
Tidal movement causes a continuous loss of mechanical energy in the system Earthoon by pumping water through the natural restrictions around the coasts, and due to viscous dissipation in the seabed and in turbulence. This energy loss has caused the Earth's rotation to slow in the 4.5 million years training. Over the past 620 million years the period of rotation has increased from 21.9 hours to 24 hours we now see, in this period, the Earth has lost 17% of its rotational energy. While wave power may have additional energy of the system, increase the rate of deceleration, the effect would clearly visible for millions of years only, and is thus negligible.
Categories tidal energy
Tidal power can be classified into three main types:
Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a manner similar to windmills that use moving air. This method is gaining popularity due to its low cost and lower ecological impact compared to prey.
Dams energy use potential in the height difference (or head) between high and low tides. Dams Dams are essentially the whole width of an estuary, and suffer from infrastructure costs very senior officials, the worldwide shortage of viable sites, and environmental issues.
Tidal lagoons are similar to dams, but can be constructed self-contained structures, not completely through an estuary, and are claimed to incur a much lower cost and overall impact. They can be configured to continuously generate is not the case of dams.
Modern advances in turbine technology may see large amounts of energy generated by the ocean, especially tidal currents using the tidal current designs, but also in major thermal current systems, such as the Gulf Stream, which is covered by the more Current general marine energy. Tidal power turbines can be deployed in areas of high speed where the natural flow of tidal current focus, as the west coasts and eastern Canada, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Bosporus, and numerous places in Southeast Asia and Australia. These flows occur almost anywhere where there are entries bays and rivers, or between land masses where water currents are concentrated.
Tidal stream generators
A relatively new technology, although first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis, tidal stream generators to obtain energy from currents in much the same way wind turbines. The highest density of water, 800 times the density of air, means that a single generator can provide significant power at low rate of flow of the tide (Compared to wind speed). Since the power varies with the density of the medium and the cube of speed, is easy to see that water speeds of about one tenth part of the wind speed offer the same power for the same size of the turbine system. But this limits the practical application to where it moves the tide, at speeds of at least 2 knots (1 m / s) even near the neap tides.
Since the tidal stream generators are an immature technology (no facilities commercial scale production are still routinely provide power), no standard technology has yet emerged as the clear winner, but a variety design that is experienced, some very near large-scale deployment. Several prototypes have been shown promise with many companies making bold claims, some of which have not been independently verified, but have not worked commercially for a long time to establish activities and rates of return investment.
Engineering approaches
The European Marine Energy Centre are classified under four heads, although a number of other methods are also being judged.
Axial Turbines
Evopod – A floating semi-submerged approach tested in Strangford Lough.
These are very close to the concept of traditional windmills operating under the sea, and have the prototypes currently operating. These include:
Kvalsund, south of Hammerfest, Norway. Although still a prototype, a turbine with a reported capacity of 300 kW was connected to the grid on November 13, 2003.
Periodflow 300 kW marine current propeller type turbine was installed Seaflow by Marine Current Turbines off the coast of Lynmouth, Devon, UK, in 2003. The turbine generator 11m in diameter was fitted to a steel pile that was buried at the bottom the sea. As a prototype, it was connected to a load dump, not the network.
Since April 2007, Verdant Power has been running a prototype project in the East River between Queens and Roosevelt Island in New York, was the first major tidal energy project in the United States. The strong current challenges for the design: the blades of the prototype 2006 and 2007 was discontinued, and new reinforced turbines were installed in September 2008.
After the trial Seaflow, a prototype of larger size, called SeaGen was Marine Current Turbines installed in Strangford Lake in Northern Ireland in April 2008. The turbine began generating at full power for just over 1.2 MW in December 2008 and reported to have fed 150 kW on the net for the first time on July 17, 2008. It is the only commercial-scale device has been installed anywhere the world. SeaGen is composed of two axial flow rotors, each driving a generator. The turbines can generate electricity during both flood and flood tides because the rotor blades can throw over 180.
OpenHydro, an Irish company operating in the open center turbine developed in the U.S., has a prototype that was tested at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney, Scotland.
A prototype floating semi-submerged tidal turbine bound calls Evopod has been tested since June 2008 in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland 1/10th scale. The company that develops is called Ocean Flow Energy Ltd, and are based in the United Kingdom. The advanced hull shape keeps the best game in the tidal current and is designed to operate at maximum flow of the water column.
Vertical and horizontal crossflow turbine shaft
Invented by Georges Darreius in 1923 and patented in 1929, these turbines that can be deployed either vertically or horizontally.
The turbine Gorlova is a variant of the Darrieus design with a helical design that is being flown commercially on a large scale in South Korea, starting with a 1 MW plant that began in May 2009 and expand to 90 MW by 2013. Neptune Renewable Energy has developed Proteus, which uses a battery of vertical cross flow turbines for shaft used mainly in estuaries.
In late April 2008, Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (ORPC) successfully completed testing of its property unit turbine-generator (TGU) prototype in ORPC Cobscook Bay and Western Passage tidal sites near Eastport, Maine. The TGU is the core technology and uses OCGen Advanced cross-flow design (ADCF), encourage a permanent magnet generator located between the turbine and is mounted on the same axis. ORPC is TGU designs that can be developed used to generate power from rivers, tidal currents and deep ocean water.
Trials in the Strait of Messina, Italy, started in 2001 Kobold concept.
Oscillating Device
Oscillating devices do not have a rotational component, instead making use of airfoil sections, which are pushed sideways by the flow. oscillating flow of energy extraction is demonstrated by the omni-directional or bi-winged windmill pump. In 2003 a device 150 kW oscillating hydroplane, the Stingray, was tested off the Scottish coast. The Stingray hydrofoils used to create oscillation, which allows to create energy hydraulics. The hydropower is used to power a hydraulic motor, which turns a generator.
Pulse Tidal control a device that varies by hydrofoil the Humber estuary. After obtaining EU funding, are developing a commercial-scale device will 2012.
Venturi effect
More information: venturi effect
It uses a cloth to increase the flow rate through the turbine. These can be mounted either horizontally or vertically.
The Australian tidal energy company Pty Ltd undertook successful commercial trials of highly efficient shrouded tidal turbines on the Gold Coast, Queensland, in 2002. Tidal power has begun deployment of its shrouded turbine to a remote Australian community in northern Australia, where some of the fastest flows ever recorded (11 m / s, 21 knots) two small 3.5 MW turbines will provide. Another big turbine five meters in diameter, capable of 800 kW at 4 m / s flow, is planned for deployment as a showcase tidal powered desalination near Brisbane, Australia in October 2008. Another device, the Hydro Venturi, must tested in San Francisco Bay.
Business plans
RWE npower announced it is in partnership with Marine Current Turbines to build a wind turbine SeaGen tide on the coast of Anglesey in Wales, near the Skerries.
In November 2007, the British company Lunar Energy announced that, together with E. ON, which would the construction of the first tidal energy farm off the coast of Pembrokshire in Wales. It will be the first exploitation of deep sea tides, and provide energy Electricity for 5,000 homes. Eight underwater turbines, each 25 meters long and 15 meters high, will be installed on the seabed off the peninsula of St. David. Construction should begin in the summer of 2008 and the proposed tidal energy turbines, described as "a wind farm at sea", should be operational in 2010.
British Columbia Tide Energy Corp. plans to deploy a minimum of three 1.2 MW turbines in the Campbell River or around the coast of British Columbia in 2009.
An organization called Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd is planning to use tidal turbines to extract energy from the notoriously strong tide runs in Alderney Channel Islands. It is estimated that up to 3GW could be recovered. This not only meet the needs of the island, but also leave a substantial surplus for export.
Nova Scotia Power has selected OpenHydro turbine for a demonstration project of the tide in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd for the supply of tidal turbines in the Channel Islands. Open Hydro
Pulse tide is designing a commercial device with seven other companies that are experts in their fields. The consortium has been awarded an EU grant to develop the first device 8M to be deployed in 2012 and generate enough power for 1,000 homes. Pulse is in a good position for a production scale-up because the supply chain is already in place.
Energy calculations
Various designs turbines have different efficiencies and thus varying the power output. If the performance of the turbine "is known the equation below can be used to determine output power.
The input kinetic energy of these systems can be expressed as:
where:
= Turbine performance
P = power generated (Watts)
= Density of water (seawater is 1025 kg / m)
A = swept area of the turbine (in millions)
V = velocity of flow
In relation to a free flowing open turbine, depending on the geometry of the roof wrapped turbines are capable of as much as 3-4 times the power of the same turbine rotor open flow. .
potential sites
As with [[tidal]], the selection of the location is central to the tidal turbine. flow systems Tides need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, islands or between islands or land masses. The following potential sites are under serious consideration:
Pembrokeshire in Wales
River Severn between England and Wales
Cook Strait in New Zealand
Kaipara Harbour in New Zealand
Bay of Fundy in Canada.
The East River in the U.S.
Golden Gate in San Francisco Bay
Piscataqua River in New Hampshire
The race of Alderney and the monkey in the Channel Islands
The Sound of Islay, Islay between and Jura in Scotland
Pentland Firth between Caithness and Orkney Islands, Scotland
Humboldt County, California, United States
Environmental Impacts
Very little direct inquiry or observation of the tidal current systems exist. Most direct observations consist of releasing 'a stream fish above the device (s) and direct observation of mortality or the impact on fish.
A study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) the project in the East River (New York), used 24 hydroacoustic split beam sensors (scientific echosounder) to detect and track the movement of fish upstream and downstream from each of six turbines. The results suggest (1) to very few fish with this part of the river, (2) fish that were familiar with this area is not used the river that they impose on the blade strikes, and (3) there is no evidence of fish that pass through areas of the sheet.
The work is being carried out by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) to explore and establish tools and protocols for the evaluation of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.
Barrage tidal power
Plant Rance tidal power
An impression art of a tidal dam, including retaining walls, a lock and caissons housing a sluice and two turbines.
With only a few plants that operate worldwide, a 240 MW plant on the river Rance, and two small plants, one in the Bay of Fundy and the other through a small inlet in Kislaya Guba Russia) and a suggested move the water through the River Severn, from Brean Down in England to Lavernock Point, near Cardiff, Wales, the barrier method of extracting tidal energy involves building a dam in a bay or river, as in the case of Rance tidal plant in France. Turbines installed in the wall barrage to generate power as water flows in and out of the basin of the estuary, bay or river. These systems are similar to a hydroelectric dam that produces static chief or head pressure (height of water pressure). When the water level outside the basin or lagoon changes relative to water levels inside, turbines are able to produce energy. The largest such installation has been working on the Rance River, France, since 1966.
The basic elements of a prey are caissons, embankments, sluices, turbines and ship locks. Gates, turbines and ship locks are housed caissons (Very large concrete blocks). Embankments seal a basin where it is not sealed by caissons.
The gates applicable to tidal power flap door, door upward vertical, radial gate and rising sector.
Reservoir systems are affected by problems of high civil infrastructure costs linked to what is in effect a dam placed across estuarine systems and environmental problems associated with changing a large ecosystem.
Potential barriers for the United Kingdom is here.
Ebb generation
The basin is filled through the locks until high tide. Then the floodgates are closed. (At this stage there can be "pumped" to increase the level). The turbine gates are kept closed until the sea level drops to create sufficient head across the barrier, and then opened so that the turbines generate until the head is lower. Then the floodgates opened, turbines disconnected and the basin is full again. The cycle repeats itself. the generation of reflux (also known as outflow generation) takes its name because the generation occurs as the tide changes direction of the tides.;)
Flood generation
The basin is filled through the turbines, which generate floods in the tide. This is usually much less efficient than ebb generation, because the volume contained in the upper half of the basin (which is where ebb generation operates) is greater than the volume of the lower half (full first generation during floods). Therefore the significant level difference of the power available for the turbine is produced between the side of the basin and the sea side of the barrier is reduced more rapidly than at its ebb generation. The rivers that flow into the basin can further reduce the energy potential, rather than better in the generation of reflux. Of course, this is not a problem with the lagoon "model" no river flow.
Pumping
The turbines are capable of being powered in reverse by excess energy in the network to increase the level of water in the basin during the trip high (ebb generation). This energy is returned during generation, because energy production is directly related to head. If the water rises two feet (61 cm) by pumping a wave of 10 feet (3 m), that have been raised by 12 feet (3.7 m) at low tide. The cost of increased 2 feet is returned by the benefits of an increase of 12 feet. This is because the correlation between the potential energy is not a linear relationship, rather, is related by the square of the height variation of the tide.
Two river systems
Another form of barrier energy configuration of the basin is the dual type. With two basins one is filled at high tide and the other is emptied at low tide. The turbines are located between the basins. Two river systems offer advantages over schemes the normal generation time can be adjusted with great flexibility and it is also possible to generate almost continuously. In normal estuarine situations, however, two basin schemes are very expensive to build because of the cost of the extra length of barrage. There are some favorable geographies, however, that adapt well to this type regime.
Environmental Impact
The placement of a dam across an estuary has a considerable effect on the water within the basin and the ecosystem. Many governments have been reluctant in recent times to grant approval for dams on the tides. Through research on the soles of the tides, has been tides that dams built in the mouths of estuaries similar pose environmental hazards such as large dams. The construction of large plants altered tidal flow salt water in and out of estuaries, changing the hydrology and salinity and possibly adversely affect marine mammals that use estuaries as habitat The plant in La Rance, near the north coast of Brittany France, was the plant first tidal dam and largest in the world. It is also the only place where an evaluation large-scale ecological impacts of a tidal power, which has been operating for 20 years, has become
The French researchers found that isolation of the estuary during the construction phases of the dam of the tides was detrimental to the flora and fauna, however, after ten years there has been a degree of adjustment and biological variable to new environmental conditions
Some species lose their habitat due to construction of the Rance, but other species colonized the area left, prompting a change in diversity. Also as a result of the construction, sand banks disappeared, the beach was severely damaged San Servan and high-speed flows have developed near locks, water channels which are controlled by gates
Turbidity
Turbidity (the amount of suspended matter in water) decreases as a result of lower volume of water that is exchanged between the basin and the sea. This allows sunlight to penetrate the water, improve conditions for phytoplankton. The changes are propagated in the food chain, causing a general change in the ecosystem.
Fences and tidal turbines
fences and tidal turbines may have different environmental impacts depending on the fence or not and the turbines are built in relation to the environment. The main environmental impact of the turbines is their impact on fish. If turbines move slowly enough, and low speeds of 25-50 rpm, killing the fish is minimized and silt and other nutrients are able to flow through the structures, For example, a prototype of 20 kW tidal turbine built in the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1983 reported no fish kills fences blocking tidal channels, which makes it difficult for fish and wildlife to migrate through these channels. In order to reduce fish kills, fences could be engineered so that the spaces between the wall of the drawer and rotor blade are large enough to allow fish to pass through the large marine mammals like seals and dolphins can be protected turbine sound barriers or automatic sensor system hours that automatically closes the turbines down when marine mammals are detected In general, research many have argued that although tidal dams are environmental threats, tidal fences and tidal turbines, if built properly, it is likely that more environmentally friendly. Unlike barriers, fences and tidal turbines do not block the channels or in the mouth of the estuary fish migration stop or alter hydrology, therefore, these options offer the ability to generate energy without severe environmental impacts
Salinity
As a result of exchange less with the sea water, the average salinity inside the basin decreases, also affecting the ecosystem. [Citation needed] "tidal lagoons" do not suffer from this problem. [Citation needed] the only one in Europe
Sediment movements
Estuaries often have large amounts of sediment moving through them, from rivers to the sea. The introduction of a barrier in an estuary may result in the accumulation of sediment in the dam, affecting the ecosystem and also the operation of the dam.
Fish
Fish may move through sluices safely, but when these are closed, the fish seek turbines and try to swim through them. In addition, some fish can not escape the water speed near a turbine and is sucked through. Even with most turbine design of fish environment, fish mortality per pass is approximately 15% [citation] is necessary (since the pressure drop, contact with blades, cavitation, etc.). Alternative passage technologies (fish ladders, fish elevators, escalators fish, etc) have failed so far to resolve this problem for tidal dams, either offering extremely expensive solutions, or those that are used by a small fraction of fish. Research in sonic guidance of fish is ongoing. [Citation needed] The Open-Centre turbine reduces this problem by allowing fish to pass through the open center of the turbine.
Recently a run of river type turbine, has been developed in France. This is a very slow rotation Kaplan type turbine mounted at an angle. Testing for fishing mortality indicated mortality figures fish less than 5%. This concept seems very suitable for adaptation to Marine Current / tidal turbines.
Energy calculations
Energy available from a dam is dependent on the volume of water. The potential energy contained in a volume of water is:
where:
h is the vertical tidal range,
An is the horizontal area of the watershed of the dam,
is the density of water = 1025 kg per cubic meter (seawater varies between 1021 and 1030 kg per cubic meter) and
g is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth = 9.81 meters per second squared.
The factor half is due to the fact that, as the basin empties through flows from the turbines, hydraulic head above the dam reduced. The maximum height is only available at the time of low tide, assuming that the high water is still present in the basin.
Example of calculating the tidal power generation
Assumptions:
Suppose that the tidal range of the tide in a particular place is 32 feet = 10 m (approx.)
The surface of the tidal power plant use of 9 km (3 km 3 km) = 3000 m 3000 m = 9106 m2
Sea water density = 1025.18 kg / m 3
Mass of sea water density = volume of seawater seawater
= (Rank foreshore) density water mass
= (9106 m2 10 m) 1025.18 kg / m 3
= 92 109 kg (approx.)
Potential energy content of water in the basin during high tide density Area = acceleration due to gravity tidal squared
9106 m2 = 9.81 m/s2 1025 kg/m3 (10 m) 2
= 4.5 J 1012 (approx.)
Now we two high tides and two low tides each day. At low tide the potential energy is zero.
So day the total energy potential for a tidal energy = only 2 high
1012 = 4.5 J 2
J = September 1012
Therefore, the potential to generate average power generation potential = energy / time one day
= September 1012 J / s 86 400
= 104 MW
Assuming that the energy conversion efficiency of 30%: The average daily power generated = 104 MW * 30% / 100%
= 31 MW (approx.)
A dam is the best situated in a very large amplitude tides. suitable sites are in Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, Korea, the United Kingdom. Amplitudes of up to 17 m (56 feet) are produced for example in the Bay of Fundy, where tidal resonance amplifies the tidal range.
Economy
The tidal regimes of power dam with a high capital cost and very low operating cost. As a result, a system of tidal energy may not produce benefits for many years, and investors may be reluctant to participate in such projects.
Governments may be able to finance the dam, tidal power, but many are unwilling to do so by the time delay before the return of investment and irreversible commitment high. For example, the energy policy of the United Kingdom recognizes the role of tidal energy and expresses the need for local councils to understand the broader national goals of renewable energy in the approval project of the tides. The UK government is assessed the technical feasibility and location options available, but has not provided meaningful incentives to move forward these objectives.
Mathematical modeling of tidal regimes
In mathematical modeling of a system design, the basin is divided into segments, each has its own set of variables. The time advances in steps. Each step, each neighboring segments and influence other variables are updated.
The simplest type model is the flat estuary model, in which the whole basin is represented by a segment. The catchment area is supposed to be flat, hence the name. This model gives raw results and used to compare many designs at the beginning of the design process.
In these models, the basin is divided into large segments (1D), squares (2D) or cubes (3D). The complexity and accuracy increases with the dimension.
Mathematical models produce quantitative information for a number of parameters, them:
Water levels (during operation, construction, extreme conditions, etc)
Corrientes
Waves
Output power
Turbidity
Salinity
Sediment movements
overall environmental impact
A tidal power scheme is a long-term source of electricity. A proposal Severn Dam, if built, is projected to save 18 million tonnes of coal a year of operation. This reduces the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
If fossil fuel resources decline during the 21st century, as predicted by Hubbert peak theory, tidal power is one of the alternative energy sources that need to be developed to meet human demand for energy.
To conduct programs tidal energy
The central first tidal power plant was the Rance tidal built over a period of six years from 1960 to 1966 at La Rance, France. It has 240 MW of capacity installed.
The first tidal power site in North America is the Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, which opened in 1984 an inlet of the Bay of Fundy. Has 18 MW of installed capacity.
The first in the current tidal stream generator in North America (Race Rocks tide Energy Demonstration Project) was installed at Race Rocks in the southern Vancouver Island in September 2006. The next stage in the development of the current generator tide will be in Nova Scotia.
A small project was built by the Soviet Union in Kislaya Guba in the Barents Sea. It has 0.5 MW installed capacity. Updated in 2006 with 1.2 MW turbine advanced orthogonal experimental.
Jindo Uldolmok tidal power plant in South Korea is a flow diagram generation tides which provides progressively expanded to 90 MW of capacity in 2013. The first 1 MW was installed in May 2009.
1.2 MW SeaGen system became operational in late 2008 in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland.
schemes Tidal power is considered
In the table, "-" indicates missing information, "?" indicates the information has not been decided
Country
Place
Average tidal range (m)
Basin Area (km)
Maximum capacity (MW)
United Kingdom
River Severn
7.8
450
8640
Russia
Penzhinskaya Bay
6.0
20 500
87 000
A 12 MW project in Guba in Russia Kislaya orthogonal turbine is under construction.
Lake Sihwa 254 MW tidal power plant in South Korea is under construction and planned to be completed by November 2009.
China is developing a tidal lagoon near the mouth of the Yalu River.
A 1320 MW tidal barrier around the islands west of Incheon is proposed by the Korean government, with the start of construction planned in 2017.
See also
Energy SA
Sustainable development portal
Category: Energy by country
Run-of-the-river hydropower
Hydroelectric Damless
Marine Current power
Current energy
Ocean energy
List of stations tidal energy
The thermal energy
Energy wave
World energy resources and consumption
References
Baker, 1991 AC, tidal power, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London.
Baker, GC, EM Wilson, Miller, H., Gibson, RA & Ball, M., 1980. "The Annapolis tidal power pilot project," in Proceedings Waterpower '79, ed. Anon, USA Government Printing Office, Washington, pp 550 559.
Hammons, TJ 1993, "Tidal power", Proceedings of the IEEE, [Online], v81, n3, pp 419 433. Available at: IEEE / IEEE Xplore. [July 26, 2004].
Lecombe, R. 1979, "The evaluation of energy projects of Tides" Surges in energy and estuary management, eds. Severn, RT, Dineley, DL & Hawker, LE, Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, 3139 pp.
Notes
^ Spain, Rob: "A possible Roman Tide Mill", Paper presented to the Kent Archaeological Society
^ Minchinton, WE (October 1979). "Early Tide Mills: Some problems. "Technology and Culture 20 (4): 777 786. Doi: 10.2307/3103639.
^ Turcotte, DL, Schubert, G. (2 002). "4." Geodynamics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136 137. ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4.
'^ George E. Williams. "The limitations on the history Precambrian geology of the Earth's rotation and orbit of the Moon. "Reviews of Geophysics '38 (2000), 37-60.
Ab ^ Jones, T. Anthony, Westwood and Adam. "The power of the oceans: the wind energy industries are growing, and as seeking alternative energy sources, potential growth is through the roof. Two industry observers look at power generation from wind and wave action and the potential to alter. " The Futurist 39.1 (2005): 37 (5). Gale Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. October 8, 2009.
^ "Surfing New Wave Energy" International Time June 16, 2003: 52 +. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171,457348,00. html
^ EMEC. "Devices for tidal power." http://www.emec.org.uk/tidal_devices.htm. Retrieved on October 5, 2008.
^ First central to exploit the Moon opens – September 22, 2003 – New Scientist
^ REUK: "Read about the first sea turbine generator tides in Lynmouth, Devon "
^ Verdant Power
^ MIT Technology Review, April 2007 Retrieved on August 24, 2008]
^ Robin Shulman (September 20, 2008). "NY Tests Turbines to produce energy. Taps modern city of the East River." The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/19/AR2008091903729.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-09.
^ Kate Galbraith (September 22, 2008). "The Restless Sea Power of the imagination awake." New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/23tidal.html?em. Retrieved on 2008-10-09.
^ Http://www.marineturbines.com/3/news/
^ First network connection
^ Sea Generation Tidal Turbine
^ Marine current turbines. "Technology." Marine Current Turbines. Marine Current Turbines, Web meetings. October 5, 2009. <Http://www.marineturbines.com/21/ technology />.
^ OpenHydro
^ Ocean Flow Energy Ltd announce the start of their trials in Strangford Lough
^ Ocean energy flow web Company
^ Turbine Gorlova
^ Gorlova turbines in Koreas
^ "South Korea launches to widen one-MW tidal Uldolmok Jindo Project." Global Hydro. 2009. http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/2336952618/articles/hrhrw/hydroindustrynews/ocean-tidal-streampower/south-korea_starts.html.
Proteus ^
^ "The tide is slowly rising in interest in the ocean of energy." Mass High Tech: The Journal of Technology in New England. August 1, 2008. http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2008/07/28/weekly9-Tide-is-slowly-rising-in-interest-in-ocean-power.html/. Retrieved on 10/11/2008.
^ ADAGroup
Mill pump Winged ^
^ Stingray
^ BBC Look North "A project of tidal energy in the Humber has produced its first batch of electricity"
^ EU grant reported by the engineer
^ San Francisco Bay Guardian News
^ RWE plans 10.5 MW sea current power plant off the coast of Wales – Forbes.com
^ RWE npower renewables Places> Development Projects> Marine Skerries>> The proposal: Array tide Anglesey Skerries Accessed February 26, 2010
^ Tide to reach Canada's West Coast
Ab ^ Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd
^ Press Release: Members of the consortium signed with EU Grant: Bosch Rexroth hydraulics provide; Herbosch Kiere installation, DNV Certification, IT engineering energy Niestern Sander construction, Fraunhofer IWES control systems, and the composites Gurit
^ Ab http://www.cyberiad.net/library/pdf/bk_tidal_paper25apr06.pdf tide role cyberiad.net
^ & Engineering Constructor – Pembrokeshire tidal barrage moves forward
^ Severn balancing act
^ NZ: Chance to turn the tide of power supply | EnergyBulletin.net | Peak Oil News Information Centre
^ Harnessing the power of the sea Energy New Zealand, Vol 1, No 1, Winter 2007.
^ Bay of Fundy to get three test turbines | Cleantech.com
^ Shulman, Robin (September 20, 2008). "NY Tests Turbines to produce energy." The Washington Post. ISSN 0740-5421. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/19/AR2008091903729.html?hpid=topnews&sub=AR. Retrieved on 20/09/2008.
^ Verdant Power
^ Http: / / deanzaemtp.googlepages.com / PGEbacksnewstudyofbaystidalpower.pdf
^ Tide power Piscataqua river?
^ Islay Energy Trust – Development of Renewable Energies for the community
^
^
^ Http: / / www.claverton-energy.com/tidal-barrage-potential-in-england.html
^ Abcdef Pelc, Robin and Fujita, Rob. Renewable energy from the ocean.
Ab ^ Retiere, the power of the tides and C. aquatic environment of La Rance.
^ Charlier, Roger. Forty candles Rance River tidal TPP provide renewable energy generation and sustainable
^ VLH TURBINE
^ Lamb, H. (1994). Hydrodynamics (6th edition, ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521458689. 174 p. 260.
^ (See, for example key principles 4 and 6 within Planning Policy Statement 22)
^ L'Usine de la Rance marmotrice
^ Nova Scotia Power – Environment – Green Power-expiratory
^ Race Rocks Demonstration Project
^ Tidal Energy, Ocean Energy
^ Press Information
↑ The first power plant of Korea Built in Uldolmok of tides, Jindo
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7790494.stm
^ Http://www.elektropages.ru/article/4_2006_ELEKTRO.html
^ Russian Central before using tidal energy: Russia Info-Center
^ Http: / / www.severnestuary.net/sep/pdfs/managingtidalchangeprojectreport-phase1final.pdf
^ Lake Sihwa tidal power plant goals by the end of 2009
^ China approves 300 MW Ocean Energy Project
^ $ Marea 3-B plant proposed energy near the islands of Korea
External Links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to tidal energy
Marina and base Technology data hydrokinetic The U.S. Department of Energy tides and Marine Technology Database provides up to date information the marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy, both in the U.S. and around the world.
Severn Estuary Partnership: Home tidal energy resources
Location: The places where tidal current energy in the UK
University of Strathclyde ESRU – Detailed analysis of energy resources marine current energy capture technology assessment and environmental impact outline
Coastal Research – foreland point of the turbine trip warnings on the proposed Severn barrage
Sustainable Development Commission – Report watching 'tidal energy in the United Kingdom, including proposals for a Severn barrage
World Energy Council – Report on tidal energy
Wave and Tidal Energy News
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